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This document results from a collaborative effort on the part of several of the ACE centers to address the difficulties associated with empirical assessment of aggression and victimization.
The following table contains information and references for self and teacher report measures of aggressive behavior and victimization in youth. The list represents all measures for which documentation was available and may not be exhaustive. Whenever possible‚ we provide the range of internal consistency for the measures. Some measures provided additional or alternate psychometric measures. However‚ for the sake of a consistent presentation we limit our listing to the internal consistency. For further information on psychometrics of an individual measure‚ please refer to the reference for the measure provided at the end of the document.
Measures noted with an asterisk (*) are those that require payment for a review copy of the measure. All other measures are provided free of charge.
|
Name of Measure
|
Author/Contact
|
Description/Psychometrics
|
|
Adolescent Violence Survey (Child Self-Report)* |
Paul M. Kingery 1998/ kingery@gwu.edu
|
- Ages 11-18 (6th – 12th grade) - 41 items measuring violent behavior (time period not specified) - Subscales include Common Violence‚ Inventive Violence‚ Passive Aggression‚ Impulsive Violence‚ Menacing Language‚ and Severe Menacing - Internal Consistency .94 on sample of 12-14 year olds |
|
Aggression - Problem Behavior Frequency Scale (Child Self-Report)**
|
Multisite Violence Prevention Project 2004/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 11-14 (6th – 8th grade) - 18 items measuring aggression in the last 30 days - Subscales include Physical Aggression‚ Non-Physical Aggression‚ and Relational Aggression - Internal Consistency .79-.80 on sample of 11-14 year olds |
|
Aggression Scale (Child Self-Report)** |
Orpinas & Frankowski 1998/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 11-14 (6th – 8th grade) - 11 items measuring aggressive behavior in the last 7 days - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .88-.90 on sample of 9–14 year olds |
|
Aggression Towards Parents High Risk Behavioral Assessment (Child Self-Report)**
|
Dolan 1989/ CDC Compendium
|
- Ages 8-18 (3rd – 12th grade) - 9 items measuring frequency of aggressive behavior toward parents (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency not assessed |
|
Aggression and Victimization Scale (Child Self-Report)**
|
Orpinas & Frankowski 2001/ CDC Compendium |
Ages 9-11 (4th – 5th grade) - 12 items measuring victimization and aggressive behaviors in the last 7 days - Subscales include Aggression and Victimization - Internal consistency .84-.86 on sample of 9-11 year olds |
|
Aggressive Behavior Checklist (Child Self-Report)*
|
Jeremy Shapiro 2000/ custsvc@wpspublish.com
|
- Ages 11-14 (6th – 8th grade) - 17 items measuring overt aggressive behavior (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .90 on sample of African-American and Caucasian 11-14 year olds |
|
Aggressive Behavior Checklist (Teacher Report)*
|
Jeremy Shapiro 2000/ custsvc@wpspublish.com
|
- Ages 11-14 (6th – 8th grade) - 17 items measuring overt aggressive behavior (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .91 on sample of African-American and Caucasian 11-14 year olds |
|
Aggressive Behavior - Joyce Foundation Youth Survey (Child Self-Report)**
|
LH Research‚ INC 1993/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 11-14 (6th – 8th grade) - 6 items measuring victimization and perpetration of violence in the last 30 days - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .72 on a sample of 11-14 year olds and adults 18 and older |
|
Aggressive Behavior Teacher Checklist (Teacher Report )
|
Kenneth A. Dodge & John D. Coie 1987/ Kenneth A. Dodge dodge@pps.duke.edu |
- Ages 6-12 (1st – 6th grade) - 6 items measuring aggressive behavior (time period not specified) - Subscales include Reactive Aggression and Proactive Aggression - Internal Consistency .87-.88 on a sample of teachers of 9-12 year olds |
|
Anger Response Inventory
(Child Self-Report)
|
June Price Tangney‚ Patricia E. Wagner‚ Alice Hansbarger‚ & Richard Gramzow 1991/ June Tangney jtangney@gmu.edu |
- Ages 8-14 (3rd – 8th grade) - 20 items measuring aggressive behaviors and perceptions of their consequences (time period not specified) - Subscales include Intentions‚ Behavioral Responses - Aggressive‚ Behavioral Responses Non-aggressive‚ Cognitive Re-appraisals‚ and Long-term Consequences - Internal Consistency .91-.94 on 8-14 year olds |
|
Anger Self-Report
(Child Self-Report)
|
Martin L. Zelin‚ Gerald Adler‚ & Paul Myerson 1972/ Martin Zelin mzelin@tufts.edu
|
- Ages 13 and older (7th grade and up) - 64 items measuring expression of anger (time period not specified) - Subscales include Awareness of Anger‚ General Expression of Anger‚ Physical Aggression‚ Verbal Aggression‚ Guilt‚ Condemnation of Anger‚ and Mistrust or Suspicion - Internal Consistency .64-.83 on psychiatric patients and college students |
|
Asian /Pacific Islander Youth Violence Prevention Center Prevalence and Risk-Protective Factors Survey (Child Self-Report)
|
Thornberry‚ Krohn‚ Lizotte‚ Smith‚ and Tobin 2003/ Earl Hishinuma HishinumaE@dop.
hawaii.edu
|
- Ages 11-21 (5th grade and up) - 11 item subscale measuring aggressive behavior in the last 30 days - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency not available |
|
Behavior Assessment System for Children (Child Self-Report)*
|
Cecil R. Reynolds & Randy W. Kamphaus 1992/ customerservice@agsnet.com |
- Ages 6-18 (1st – 12th grade) - 130 items measuring adaptive and maladaptive behaviors (time period not specified) - Subscales include Anxiety‚ Attitude to Teachers‚ Atypicality‚ Depression‚ Locus of Control‚ Sense of Inadequacy‚ Social Stress‚ Interpersonal Relations‚ Relations with Parents‚ Self-Esteem‚ Self-Reliance‚ School Maladjustment Composite‚ Clinical Maladjustment Composite‚ Personal Adjustment Composite‚ and Emotional Symptoms Composite - Internal Consistency .80-.90 on sample of 6-10 year olds |
|
Behavior Assessment System for Children (Teacher Report)*
|
Cecil R. Reynolds & Randy W. Kamphaus 1992/ customerservice@agsnet.com |
- Ages 6-18 (1st – 12th grade) - 130 items measuring adaptive and maladaptive behaviors (time period not specified) - Subscales include Aggression‚ Anxiety‚ Attention Problems‚ Atypicality (Psychoticism)‚ Conduct Problems‚ Depression‚ Hyperactivity‚ Learning Problems‚ Somatization‚ Withdrawal‚ Externalizing Problems Composite‚ Internalizing Problems Composite‚ School Problems Composite‚ Behavior Symptoms Index‚ Adaptability‚ Leadership‚ Social Skills‚ Adaptive Skills Composite‚ and Study Skills - Internal Consistency .62-.95 on sample of teachers of 6-10 year olds |
|
Behavior Dimensions Rating Scale (Teacher Report)*
|
Lyndal M. Bullock & Michael J. Wilson 1989/ jennifer_harris@hmco.com |
- Ages 5 and older (Kindergarten – 12th grade) - 31 items measuring behavior patterns (time period not specified) - Subscales include Aggressive-Acting Out‚ Irresponsible-Inattentive‚ Socially Withdrawn‚ and Fearful-Anxious - Internal Consistency .87-.98 on sample of 5-18 year olds |
|
Behavior Rating Profile
(Child Self-Report)*
|
Linda Brown & Donald D. Hammill 1990/ tmaddox@proedinc.com |
- Ages 6-18 (1st-12th grade) - 30 items measuring behavior (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .77-.87 on sample 6-18 year olds |
|
Behavior Rating Profile
(Teacher Report)*
|
Linda Brown & Donald D. Hammill 1990/ tmaddox@proedinc.com |
- Ages 6-18 (1st-12th grade) - 30 items measuring behavior (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .87-.97 on sample of teachers of 6-18 year olds |
|
Behavioral Checklist of Aggressiveness‚ Assertiveness‚ and Submissiveness (Teacher Report)
|
Robert Deluty 1984/ Robert H. Deluty deluty@umbc.edu |
- Ages 6-12 (1st-6th grade) - 30 items measuring natural behavior during school activities (time period not specified) - Subscales include Aggressiveness‚ Assertiveness‚ and Submissiveness - Internal Consistency .38-.88 on sample of 6-12 year olds in a parochial school |
|
Bullying Behavior Scale
(Child Self-Report)
|
Sharon Austin & Stephen Joseph 1996/ Stephen Joseph S.Joseph@warwick.ac.u |
- Ages 8-11 (3rd - 5th grade) - 6 items measuring perpetration of negative physical actions (time period not specified) - No Subscales specified - Internal Consistency .82 on sample of 5-11 year olds in the UK |
|
Burk's Behavior Rating Scale (Teacher Report)*
|
Harold F. Burks 1977/ custsvc@wpspublish.
com
|
- Ages 6-13 (1st-9h grade) - 110 items measuring patterns of behavior problems (time period not specified) - Subscales include Excessive Self-Blame‚ Excessive Anxiety‚ Excessive Withdrawal‚ Excessive Dependency‚ Poor Ego Strength‚ Poor Physical Strength‚ Poor Coordination‚ Poor Intellectuality‚ Poor Academics‚ Poor Attention‚ Poor Impulse Control‚ Poor Reality Contact‚ Poor Sense of Identity‚ Excessive Sense of Persecution‚ Excessive Aggressiveness‚ Excessive Resistance‚ and Poor Social Conformity - Internal Consistency not assessed |
|
Child Behavior Checklist
(Teacher Report)*
|
Thomas M. Achenbach 1991‚ 2001/ mail@ASEBA.org |
- Ages 6-18 (1st-12th grade) - 140 items measuring a child’s problem behaviors and competencies in the last 6 months - Subscales include Aggressive Behavior‚ Anxious/Depressed‚ Attention Problems‚ Delinquent Rule-Breaking Behavior‚ Social Problems‚ Somatic Complaints‚ Thought Problems‚ Withdrawn‚ Externalizing‚ Internalizing‚ Total Problems‚ and DSM-oriented scales. - Internal Consistency .78-.97 on sample of 6-18 year olds |
|
Direct Observation Form
(Teacher Report)*
|
Thomas M. Achenbach 1986/ mail@ASEBA.org
|
- Ages 5-14 (Kindergarten – 10th grade) - 96 items measuring children’s observable behavior during a 10-minute time period - Subscales include Withdrawn-Inattentive‚ Nervous-Obsessive‚ Depressed‚ Hyperactive‚ Attention-Demanding‚ Aggressive‚ On-Task‚ Internalizing‚ Externalizing‚ and Total Problems - Internal Consistency not assessed |
|
Fighting – High Risk Behavioral Assessme nt
(Child Self-Report)**
|
Dolan 1989/ CDC Compendium
|
- Ages 8-18 (3rd – 12th grade) - 10 items measuring frequency of violent behavior between peers (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency not assessed- |
|
Fighting to and From School NYC Youth Violence Survey (Child Self-Report) **
|
Division of Adolescent and School Health‚ CDC 1993/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 14-18 ( 9th – 12th grade) - 4 items measuring frequency of fighting going to and from school in the last 12 months - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency not assessed |
|
High Risk Situations Questionnaire (Child Self-Report)
|
Andrew J. Howell‚ John R. Reddon‚ & Richard A. Enns 1997/ Andrew Howell howella@admin.gmcc.ab.ca |
- Ages 12-18 (7th – 12th grade) - 66 items importance of antecedents to a past‚ highly salient offense (time period not specified) - Subscales include Delinquency‚ Negative Affectivity‚ and Aggression - Internal Consistency not assessed |
|
Interpersonal Behavior Survey (Child Self-Report)*
|
Paul A. Muager‚ David R. Adkinson‚ Suzanne K. Zoss‚ Gregory Firestone‚ & David Hook 1993/ custsvc@wpspublish.com |
- Ages 14 and older (9th grade and up) - 272 items a portion of which measure dimensions of assertive and aggressive behavior (time period not specified) - Subscales include Denial‚ Infrequency‚ Impression Management‚ General Aggressiveness‚ Hostile Stance‚ Expression of Anger‚ Disregard for Rights‚ Verbal Aggressiveness‚ Physical Aggressiveness‚ Passive Aggressiveness‚ General Assertiveness‚ Self-Confidence‚ Initiating Assertiveness‚ Defending Assertiveness‚ Frankness‚ Praise‚ Requesting Help‚ Refusing Demands‚ Conflict Avoidance‚ Dependency‚ and Shyness. - Internal Consistency .11-.90 on a sample of adult community members‚ 2 college groups‚ an African-American group‚ and a high school group |
|
Measure of Aggression‚ Violence‚ Rage in Children (Child Self-Report)
|
Jonathan N. Bass‚ Douglas L. Geenens‚ & charles Popper 1993/ Jonathan B. Bass jbass@attbi.com |
- Ages 4 - 18 (pre-school – 12th grade) - 19 measuring impulsive aggressiveness (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .84-.89 on sample of 1-8 year olds in a psychiatric unit and a sample of 2-8 year olds in a public elementary school |
|
Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist
(Teacher Report)**
|
Jacob O. Sines 1987/ Jacob O. Sines |
- Ages 9-15 (4th – 10th grade) - 68 items measuring behavior of children in class (time period not specified) - Subscales include Aggression‚ Inhibition‚ Activity Level‚ Somatization‚ Sociability‚ and Depression - Internal Consistency .42-.90 on sample of teachers in a small town in Missouri |
|
Modified Aggression Scale
(Child Self-Report)**
|
Kris Bosworth‚ Dorothy L. Espelage‚ & Thomas R. Simon 1999/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 11- 13 (6th – 8th grade) - 22 items measuring aggressive behavior in the last 30 days - Subscales include Fighting‚ Bullying‚ Anger‚ and Cooperative/Caring Behavior - Internal Consistency .73-.83 on sample of 11-13 year olds |
|
Modified National Youth Survey Delinquency Scale (Child Self-Report)
|
Elliot‚ Huizinga‚ and Ageton 1985/Thao Le tle@sf.nccd-crc.org |
- Ages 11- 13 (6th – 8th grade) - 45 item subscale adapted from the National Youth Survey measuring delinquent behavior in the last year - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .78-.88 on sample of 11-17 year olds |
|
New York Teacher Rating Scale
(Teacher Report)
|
Laurie S. Miller‚ Rachel G. Klein‚ John Piacentini‚ Howard Abikoff‚ Manoj R. Shah‚ Anna Samoilov‚ & Mary Guardino 1995/ Laurie S. Miller millel02@med.nyu.edu |
- Ages 6- 18 (1st – 12th grade) - 36 items measuring defiant and aggressive behavior (time period not specified) - Subscales include Defiance‚ Physical Aggression‚ Delinquent Aggression‚ Peer Relations‚ Antisocial Behavior‚ and Disruptive Behavior - Internal Consistency .73-.95 on sample of 6-18 year olds and a sample of children meeting DSMIII_R criteria of conduct disorder |
|
Non-Physical Aggression - Pittsburgh Youth Study
(Child Self-Report)**
|
Loeber‚ Farrington‚ Stouthamer-Loeber‚ & Van Kammen 1998/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 6‚ 9 and 12 (1st ‚ 4th ‚ and 7th grade) - 16 items measuring non-physical aggressive behavior (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .85 on sample of 6‚9‚ and 12 year old males followed into adulthood |
|
Physical Aggression Scale
(Child Self-Report)
|
L. Rowell Huesmann‚ Leonard D. Eron‚ Monroe M. Lefkowitz‚ & Leopold O. Walder 1984/ L. Rowell Huesmann huesmann@umich.edu |
- Ages 15 and older (10th grade and up) - 13 items measuring general aggressive behavior (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .81 -.85 on sample of 48-50 year olds |
|
Physical Fighting - Youth Risk Behavior Survey (Child Self-Report)**
|
Division of Adolescent and School Health‚ CDC 1993‚2003/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 14–18 (9th -12th grade) - 4 items measuring frequency of fighting and injuries from fights in the last year - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency not assessed |
|
Problem Behavior Frequency Scales (Child Self-Report)
|
Farrell‚ Danish‚ and Howard 1992/ Al Farrell afarrell@mail.vcu.edu |
- Ages 12-18 (7h - 12th grade ) - 51 items measuring frequency of problem behaviors in the last 30 days - Subscales include Physical Aggression‚ Non-physical Aggression‚ Relational Aggression‚ Overt Victimization‚ Relational Victimization‚ Delinquent Behavior‚ and Drug Use - Internal Consistency .72 - .88 on a sample of 12 and 14 year olds |
|
Questionnaire on Emotional Instability‚ Pro-social Behavior‚ and Aggression (Child Self-Report)
|
Concetta Pastorelli‚ Claudio Barbaranelli‚ Ivo Cermak‚ Sandor Rozsa‚ & Gian Vittorio Caprara 1997/ Gian Vittorio Caprara caprara@axrma.uniroma1.it |
- Ages 11-15 (6th - 10h grade) - 55 items measuring emotional instability‚ pro-social behavior‚ and aggression (time period not specified) - Subscales include Emotional Instability‚ Pro-social Behavior‚ and Aggression - Internal Consistency .69 - .87 on a sample of 11-15 year olds in Italy‚ Hungary and the Czech Republic |
|
Reactive/Proactive Aggression FastTrack (Child Self-Report)**
|
Dodge & Coie 1987/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 7-16 (2nd - 11th grade) - 26 items measuring reactive and proactive aggression (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .84 -.91 on sample of 7-16 year old males |
|
Reactive/Proactive Aggression FastTrack (Teacher Report)**
|
Dodge & Coie 1987/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 4 -18 (kindergarten - 12th grade) - 6 items measuring reactive teacher’s perceptions of reactive and proactive aggression (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .90 - .94 on sample of teachers of 4-18 year olds |
|
Revised Behavior Problem Checklist
(Teacher Report)*
|
Herbert C. Quay & Donald R. Peterson 1996/ custserv@parinc.com
|
- Ages 5 -18 (kindergarten - 12th grade) - 89 items measuring problem behavior (time period not specified) - Subscales include Conduct Disorder‚ Socialized Aggression‚ Attention Problems - Immaturity‚ Anxiety-Withdrawal‚ Psychotic Behavior‚ and Motor Tension-Excess - Internal Consistency .73-.94 on sample children in psychiatric treatment and children attending a school for children with disabilities |
|
Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (Child Self-Report)*
|
Dan Olweus 1996/ Dan Olweus dan.olweus@psych.uib.no
|
- Ages 8-16 (3rd – 101h grade) - 40 items measuring bully/victim problems (time period not specified) - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .80-.90 on students in Norway‚ US‚ and UK |
|
Revised Teacher Rating Scale for Reactive and Proactive Aggression (Teacher Report)
|
Kim Brown‚ Marc S. Atkins‚ Mary L. Osborne‚ & Mary Milnamow 1996/ Mark S. Atkins Matkins@psych.uic.edu |
- Ages 8-10 (3rd - 12th grade) - 28 items measuring reactive aggression and proactive aggression (time period not specified) - Subscales include Proactive Aggression‚ Reactive Aggression‚ Covert Antisocial‚ and Prosocial Behavior - Internal Consistency .92-.94 on sample of teachers of 8-10 year old boys |
|
Sage Baseline Survey
(Child Self-Report)**
|
Research Triangle Institute 1993/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 12-16 (7th -11h grade) - 12 items measuring the recency of aggressive and other high risk behaviors (time period not specified) - Subscales include Aggressive Behavior‚ Disciplinary and Delinquent Behavior‚ and Drug and Alcohol Use - Internal Consistency .80 on sample of 12-16 year old African American males |
|
Seriousness of Violence Classification - Pittsburgh Youth Study (Child Self-Report)**
|
Loeber‚ Farrington‚ Stouthamer-Loeber‚ & Van Kammen 1998/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 6‚ 9 and 12 (1st ‚ 4th ‚ and 7th grade) - 5 items measuring the highest level of violence reached in the past 6 months or 1 year - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency not assessed |
|
Social Behavior Questionnaire (Teacher Report)
|
Richard E. Tremblay‚ Rolf Loeber‚ C. Gagnon‚ P. charlebois‚ S. Larivee‚ & M. LeBlanc 1991/ Richard E. Tremblay grip@umontreal.ca |
- Ages 6-14 (1st – 9th grade) - 44 items measuring physical aggression (time period not specified) - Subscales include Disruptiveness‚ Physical Aggression‚ Anxiety‚ Inattention‚ Hyperactivity‚ Opposition‚ and Prosociality - Internal Consistency .61-.93 on a sample of teachers of 6-12 year old French Canadian boys |
|
Social Experience Questionnaire (Child Self-Report)
|
Nicki R. Crick & Jennifer K. Grotpeter 1996/ Nicki R. Crick crick001@umn.edu |
- Ages 9-11 (4th – 5th grade) - 17 items measuring positive and negative treatment by peers (time period not specified) - Subscales include Victims of Relational Aggression‚ Victims of Overt Aggression‚ and Recipients of Caring Acts - Internal Consistency .89-.91 on a sample of 8-10 year olds |
|
Teacher Observations of Classroom Adaptation-Revised (Teacher Report)
|
S.G. Kellam‚ C.H. Brown‚ B.R. Rubin‚ & M.E. Ensminger 1983/Henry David dhenry@uic.edu |
- Ages 6-12 (1st – 6h grade) - 43 items measuring problem behaviors in the classroom (time period not specified) - Subscales include Concentration‚ Aggression‚ Shyness‚ Maturity‚ Hyperactivity‚ Impulsivity‚ and Depression - Internal Consistency not available |
|
Victimization - Problems Behavior Frequency Scale (Child Self-Report)**
|
Multisite Violence Prevention Project 2004/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 12-14 (6th – 8th grade) - 12 items measuring frequency of overt and relational victimization in the last 30 days - Subscales include Overt Victimization and Relational Victimization - Internal Consistency .84 on a sample of 12-14 year olds |
|
Victimization
(Child Self-Report)**
|
Orpinas & Kelder 1995/ CDC Compendium |
- Ages 12-14 (66h – 8th grade) - 10 items measuring frequency of victimization in the last 7 days - No subscales specified - Internal Consistency .85 on a sample of 12– 14 year olds |
|
Youth Self Report
(Child Self-Report)*
|
Thomas M. Achenbach & C. S. Edelbrock 1991‚ 2001/ mail@ASEBA.org |
- Ages 11-18 (6th – 12th grade) - 112 items measuring competence and behavior problems (time period not specified) - Subscales include Competence Scales‚ Somatic Complaints‚ Anxious/Depressed‚ Social Problems‚ Thought Problems‚ Attention Problems‚ Delinquent Rule-Breaking Behaviors‚ Aggressive Behaviors‚ Internalizing‚ Externalizing‚ Total Problems‚ and DSM-oriented scales. - Internal Consistency .71-.95 on a sample of 11-18 year olds |
|
Youth's Victimization by Community Violence Questionnaire (Child Self-Report)
|
Kuther & Fisher 1998/ Tara L. Kuther KutherT@wcsu.ctstateu.edu |
- Ages 12-14 (6th – 8th grade) - 90 items measuring experiences with violent events (time period not specified) - Subscales include Victimization of yourself or someone else‚ Being Chased or Threatened‚ Being Slapped‚ Hit‚ Punched‚ or Jumped‚ Being Mugged or Robbed‚ and Being Seriously Wounded - Internal Consistency not assessed |
Reference List for Self and Teacher Report Measures of Aggression and Victimization
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Bosworth‚ K.‚ Espelage‚ D. L.‚ & Simon‚ T. R. (1999). Factors associated with
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Brown‚ K.‚ Atkins M. S.‚ Osborne‚ M. L.‚ & Milnamow‚ M. (1996). A revised teacher
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