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The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI)The Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI)

The Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity-teen (MIBI-t)

The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI)

The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI) represents a synthesis of ideas from many existing models of African American racial identity (Sellers et al.‚ 1998). The MMRI defines racial identity as that part of the person's self-concept that is related to her/his membership within a race. It is concerned with both the significance the individual places on race in defining him/herself and the individual's interpretations of what it means to be Black.  The MMRI proposes four dimensions of racial identity in African Americans: the salience of identity; the centrality of the identity; the ideology associated with the identity; and the regard in which the person holds African Americans.  The first two dimensions address the significance of race in the individual's self-definition; the second two dimensions address the qualitative meaning that the individual ascribes to being Black.

Racial identity salience refers to the extent to which a person's race is a relevant part of her/his self-concept at a particular moment in time.  Salience is concerned with the specific event as the level of analysis.  It is highly sensitive to both the context of a situation as well as the person's proclivity to define her/himself in terms of race (i.e.‚ centrality).  Salience is the dynamic aspect of racial identity. Salience is the mechanism by which the other three stable dimensions (centrality‚ ideology‚ and regard) influence the way a person experiences a particular event.  When racial identity is made salient‚ individuals' ideology and regard influences their construal and behavioral response.

The centrality dimension of racial identity refers to the extent to which a person normatively defines her/himself with regard to race.  It is an indicator of whether race is a core part of an individual's self-concept.  Implicit in the conceptualization of centrality is a hierarchical ranking of different identities with regard to their proximity to the individual's core definition of self.

The third dimension of racial identity‚ ideology‚ is the individual's beliefs‚ opinions‚ and attitudes with respect to the way s/he feels Blacks should act.  This dimension represents the person's philosophy about the ways in which African Americans should live and interact with society.  Four ideologies are proposed: 1) a nationalist philosophy‚ ch‎aracterized by a viewpoint that emphasizes the uniqueness of being of African descent; 2) an oppressed minority philosophy‚ ch‎aracterized by a viewpoint that emphasizes the similarities between African Americans and other oppressed groups; 3) an assimilation philosophy‚ ch‎aracterized by a viewpoint that emphasizes the similarities between African Americans and the rest of American society; and 4) a humanist philosophy‚ ch‎aracterized by a viewpoint that emphasizes the commonalties amongst all humans. Although some individuals can be categorized as possessing one ideology predominantly‚ but it is likely that most people hold a variety of ideological philosophies that vary across areas of functioning.

The fourth dimension‚ regard‚ refers to a person's affective and evaluative judgment of his/her race.  The regard dimension consists of a private and a public component.  Private regard refers to the extent to which individuals feel positively or negatively towards African Americans and their membership in that group. On the other hand‚ public regard refers to the extent to which individuals feel that others view African Americans positively or negatively.


The Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI)


The Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI) was developed to measure the three stable dimensions of the MMRI (centrality‚ ideology‚ and regard) in African Americans college students and adults (Sellers‚ Rowley‚ Chavous‚ Shelton‚ & Smith‚ 1997). (Because of the situationally-dynamic nature of racial identity salience‚ attempting to measure it with a paper and pencil attitudes measure is in appropriate.)As such‚ the 56-item inventory is comprised of three scales that measure the centrality‚ ideology‚ and regard dimensions.  The ideology scale consists of four subscales (Nationalist‚ Assimilation‚ Minority‚ and Humanist)‚ and the regard scale consists of two subscales (Private Regard and Public Regard).  A 7-point Likert type response scale is used with 1=strongly disagree and 7=strongly agree.


Centrality Scale
1.      Overall‚ being Black has very little to do with how I feel about myself. (R)2.      In general‚ being Black is an important part of my self-image.
3.      My destiny is tied to the destiny of other Black people.
4.      Being Black is unimportant to my sense of what kind of person I am.  (R)5.      I have a strong sense of belonging to Black people.
6.      I have a strong attachment to other Black people.
7.      Being Black is an important reflection of who I am.
8.      Being Black is not a major factor in my social relationships.  (R)
Regard ScalePrivate Regard Subscale
1.  I feel good about Black people.
2.  I am happy that I am Black.                                                                                  
3.  I feel that Blacks have made major accomplishments and advancements.
4.  I often regret that I am Black.  (R)5.  I am proud to be Black.
6.  I feel that the Black community has made valuable contributions to this society
Public Regard Subscale
1.  Overall‚ Blacks are considered good by others.
2.  In general‚ others respect Black people.                                                              
3.  Most people consider Blacks‚ on the average‚ to be more ineffective than other racial groups.  (R)4.  Blacks are not respected by the broader society.  (R)5.  In general‚ other groups view Blacks in a positive manner.
6.  Society views Black people as an asset.

Ideology ScaleAssimilation Subscale
1.      Blacks who espouse separatism are as racist as White people who also espouse separatism.
2.      A sign of progress is that Blacks are in the mainstream of America more than ever before.
3.      Because America is predominantly white‚ it is important that Blacks go to White schools so that they can gain experience interacting with Whites.
4.      Blacks should strive to be full members of the American political system.       
5.      Blacks should try to work within the system to achieve their political and economic goals.     
6.      Blacks should strive to integrate all institutions which are segregated.
7.      Blacks should feel free to interact socially with White people.
8.      Blacks should view themselves as being Americans first and foremost.
9.      The plight of Blacks in America will improve only when Blacks are in important positions within the system.

Humanist Subscale
1.      Black values should not be inconsistent with human values.
2.      Blacks should have the choice to marry interracially.
3.      Blacks and Whites have more commonalties than differences.
4.     Black people should not consider race when buying art or se‎lecting a book to read.
5.      Blacks would be better off if they were more concerned with the problems facing all people than just focusing on Black issues.
6.     Being an individual is more important than identifying oneself as Black.           
7.     We are all children of a higher being‚ therefore‚ we should love people of all races.   
8.      Blacks should judge Whites as individuals and not as members of the White race
9.     People regardless of their race have strengths and limitations.                        
Oppressed Minority Subscale
1.     The same forces which have led to the oppression of Blacks have also led to the oppression of other groups.
2.     The struggle for Black liberation in America should be closely related to the struggle of other oppressed groups.
3.  Blacks should learn about the oppression of other groups.
4.  Black people should treat other oppressed people as allies.
5.  The racism Blacks have experienced is similar to that of other minority groups.
6.  There are other people who experience racial injustice and indignities similar to Black Americans.
7.  Blacks will be more successful in achieving their goals if they form coalitions with other oppressed groups.
8.  Blacks should try to become friends with people from other oppressed groups. 
9. The dominant society devalues anything not White male oriented.
Nationalist Subscale
1.  It is important for Black people to surround their children with Black art‚ music and literature.      
2.  Black people should not marry interracially.
3.  Blacks would be better off if they adopted Afrocentric values.
4.  Black students are better off going to schools that are controlled and organized by Blacks.
5.  Black people must organize themselves into a separate Black political force.
6.  Whenever possible‚ Blacks should buy from other Black businesses.
7.  A thorough knowledge of Black history is very important for Blacks today.
8.  Blacks and Whites can never live in true harmony because of racial differences.
9.  White people can never be trusted where Blacks are concerned.


To download a copy of the MIBI including scoring instructions please press here.

 

The Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity-teen

 

The Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity –teen (MIBI-t) assess the three stable dimensions of racial identity identified by the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Centrality‚ Regard‚ Ideology) in African American early and middle adolescents.  The MIBI-t has demonstrated evidence of both construct validity and external validity in a sample of African American middle school and high school students (Scottham‚ Sellers‚ & Nguyen‚ under review).  The MIBI-t consists of seven subscales comprised of three items each. Participants respond regarding the extent to which they agree or disagree with items using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree.

 

Centrality Scale

 

1. I feel close to other Black people.

2. I have a strong sense of belonging to other Black people.

3. If I were to describe myself to someone‚ one of the first things that I would say is that I’m Black.

 

Regard Scale

 

Private Regard Subscale

 

1. I am happy that I am Black.

2. I am proud to be Black.

3. I feel good about Black people.

 

Public Regard Subscale

1. Most people think that Blacks are as smart as people of other races.

2. People think that Blacks are as good as people from other races.

3. People from other races think that Blacks have made important contributions.

 

Ideology Scale

 

Assimilation Subscale

1. It is important that Blacks go to White Schools so that they can learn how to act around Whites.

2. I think it is important for Blacks not to act Black around White people.

3. Blacks should act more like Whites to be successful in this society.

 

Humanist Subscale

1. Being an individual is more important than identifying yourself as Black.

2. Blacks should think of themselves as individuals‚ not as Blacks.

3. Black people should not consider race when deciding what movies to go see.

 

Minority Subscale

1. People of all minority groups should stick together and fight discrimination.

2. There are other people who experience discrimination similar to Blacks.

3. Blacks should spend less time focusing on how we differ from other minority groups and more time focusing on how we are similar to people from other minority groups.

 

Nationalist Subscale

1. Black parents should surround their children with Black art and Black books.

2. Whenever possible‚ Blacks should buy from Black businesses.

3. Blacks should support Black entertainment by going to Black movies and watching Black TV shows.

 

Likert Response Scale: (1) Really Disagree; (2) Kind of Disagree; (3) Neutral; (4) Kind of Agree; (5) Really Agree

 

http://sitemaker.umich.edu/aaril/me

توسط: کارشناس ندای مهر
15 مهر 1391

The Acculturation Scale
Below are statements about the Vietnamese and American (mainstream Anglo American) culture. Please tell us how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement. There are no right or wrong or good or bad answers‚ so please be honest. We just want to know what you think. Use the following scale to circle the number that best applies to you. Answer all the items.
1=Strongly disagree
2=Disagree
3=(Neither agree nor disagree) neutral
4=Agree
5=Strongly agree
1. I would like to watch more American TV programs or movies
2. I would like to listen to more Vietnamese music.
3. I would like to retain (or keep) the Vietnamese way of life.
4. I would like to belong to American groups or clubs.
5. It is all right for boys/girls to choose their own career.
6. I want to speak English at home.
7. Children should follow their parents’ wishes about dating (when and whom to date).
8. I dress like students who just came from Vietnam (e.g.‚ traditional Vietnamese clothes).
9. If I had the opportunity‚ I would like to travel throughout America.
10. I like to eat Vietnamese food.
11. It is okay to question parents’ authority/judgment/decisions.
12. I dress mostly like other American students.
13. I would like to watch more Vietnamese TV programs or movies.
14. It is important for Vietnamese people to get up to date information about Vietnam.
15. I believe that I should do what is best for me.
16. I think it is important to learn about Vietnamese history and traditions.
17. If I had the opportunity‚ I would like to travel throughout Vietnam.
18. Children should follow their parents ’ wishes about choosing a career.
19. It is important for Vietnamese people to get up to date information about America.
20. I think daughters should live by themselves as soon as they finish school.
21. I would like to belong to Vietnamese groups or clubs.
22. Most of my closest friends are Americans.
23. I feel at ease with American people.
24. Family matters should be handled democratically – where kids can also have a say.
25. As far as behaviors and values‚ I am ‘‘American’’.
26. I think Vietnamese people should date or marry other Vietnamese.
27. It is important for family members to be with outsiders (neighbors‚ friends etc.).
28. I want to adopt (or take up) the American way of life.
29. It is the children’s responsibility to take care of their elders (parents‚ etc.).
30. My room is decorated in Vietnamese style.
31. I enjoy going to American gatherings/parties.
32. Family members should prefer to be with each other.
33. It is important to me to incorporate American values.
34. I think daughters should live with their parents until they get married.
35. I think it is important to learn about American history and traditions.
36. I think that youthfulness in our society should be greatly valued.
37. It is okay to put one’s elders in nursing homes‚ if necessary.
38. I like to eat American food.
39. It is important to me to preserve my Vietnamese heritage.
40. I think it is okay if Vietnamese people date or marry other Americans.
41. Grandparents should have more influence than parents in family matters.
42. I enjoy going to Vietnamese gatherings/parties.
43. Children should follow their parents wishes about marriage (when and whom to marry).
44. Girls over the age of 18 should be allowed to move away from home to go to college and/or to take a job.
45. I would like to listen to more American music.
46. Because of their age‚ wisdom‚ and experience‚ I think elders deserve respect.
47. As far as behaviors and values‚ I am ‘‘Vietnamese’’.
48. My room is decorated in American style.
49. Parents always know what is best.
50. I believe that my actions should be based mainly on the well -being of the family. (I should do what is best for my family).
51. Most of my closest friends are Vietnamese.
52. It is all right for boys/girls over the age of 18 to decide when and whom to marry.
53. When a boy/girl reaches the age of 16‚ it is all right for him/her to decide when and whom to date.
54. I feel at ease with Vietnamese people.
55. The oldest girl in the family should help her family take care of the house and the younger children whether she wants to or not.
56. I want to speak the Vietnamese at home.
Source: From Huong Nguyen and Alexander von Eve (2002). The Acculturation Scale for
Vietnamese Adolescents (ASVA): A bidimensional perspective. Int J Behav Dev‚ 26(3). Tables
3 and 4‚ pp. 202‚ 213. Reproduced with permission from Huong Nguyen Phd. Copyright
International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (ISSBD)‚ 2002‚ by permission of Sage Publications Ltd.
The next questions are a little bit different from those above. So read them carefully. They are about your behaviors —how often you engage in certain activities. Please circle the answer that best fits you: 1 =Never; 2 =Rarely; 3 =Sometimes; 4 =Often; 5 =always Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always
57. How often do you listen to American music?
58. How often do you watch American movies or TV programs?
59. How often do you go to Vietnamese gatherings/parties?
60. How often do you eat Vietnamese food?
61. How often do you speak English?
62. How often do you try to learn more about the Vietnamese culture (history‚ customs‚ etc.)?
63. How often do you participate in American groups (sports‚ hobbies‚ clubs‚ etc.)?
64. How often do you read Vietnamese newspapers or magazines?
65. How often do you eat American food?
66. How often do you interact with Vietnamese people?
67. How often do you try to learn about American culture (history‚ traditions‚ customs‚ etc.)?
68. How often do you hang out with Vietnamese friends?
69. How often do you read American newspapers or magazines?
70. How often do you participate in Vietnamese groups (sports‚ hobbies‚ clubs‚ etc.)?
71. How often do you speak the Vietnamese language?
72. How often do you interact with American people?
73. How often do you go to American gatherings/parties?
74. How often do you listen to Vietnamese music?
75. How often do you watch Vietnamese movies or TV programs?
76. How often do you hang out with American friends?
Source: From Huong Nguyen and Alexander von Eve (2002). The Acculturation Scale for
Vietnamese Adolescents (ASVA): A bidimensional perspective. Int J Behav Dev‚ 26(3). Tables
3 and 4‚ pp. 202‚ 213. Reproduced with permission from Huong Nguyen Phd. Copyright
International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (ISSBD)‚ 2002‚ by permission
of Sage Publications Ltd.

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15 مهر 1391

Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA)
Rich‎ard M. Suinn‚ Ph.D.
Instructions: The questions that follow are for the purpose of collecting information about your historical background as well as more recent behaviors that may be related to your cultural identity. Choose the one answer that best describes you.
1. What language can you speak?
1. Asian only (e.g.‚ Chinese‚ Japanese‚ Korean‚ Vietnamese‚ etc.).
2. Mostly Asian‚ some English.
3. Asian and English about equally well (bilingual).
4. Mostly English‚ some Asian.
5. Only English.
2. What language do you prefer?
1. Asian only (e.g.‚ Chinese‚ Japanese‚ Korean‚ Vietnamese‚ etc.).
2. Mostly Asian‚ some English.
3. Asian and English about equally well (bilingual).
4. Mostly English‚ some Asian.
5. Only English.
3. How do you identify yourself?
1. Oriental
2. Asian
3. Asian American
4. Chinese American‚ Japanese American‚ Korean American‚ etc.
5. American
4. Which identification does (did) your mother use?
1. Oriental
2. Asian
3. Asian American
4. Chinese American‚ Japanese American‚ Korean American‚ etc.
5. American
5. Which identification does (did) your father use?
1. Oriental
2. Asian
3. Asian American
4. Chinese American‚ Japanese American‚ Korean American‚ etc.
5. American
6. What was the ethnic origin of the friends and peers you had‚ as a child up to age 6?
1. Almost exclusively Asians‚ Asian Americans‚ Orientals.
2. Mostly Asians‚ Asian Americans‚ Orientals.
3. About equally Asian groups and Anglo groups.
4. Mostly Anglos‚ Blacks‚ Hispanics‚ or other non-Asian ethnic groups.
5. Almost exclusively Anglos‚ Blacks‚ Hispanics‚ or other non-Asian ethnic groups.
7. What was the ethnic origin of the friends and peers you had‚ as a child from age 6 to 18?
1. Almost exclusively Asians‚ Asian Americans‚ Orientals.
2. Mostly Asians‚ Asian Americans‚ Orientals.
3. About equally Asian groups and Anglo groups.
4. Mostly Anglos‚ Blacks‚ Hispanics‚ or other non-Asian ethnic groups.
5. Almost exclusively Anglos‚ Blacks‚ Hispanics‚ or other non-Asian ethnic groups.
8. Whom do you now associate within the community?
1. Almost exclusively Asians‚ Asian Americans‚ Orientals.
2. Mostly Asians‚ Asian Americans‚ Orientals.
3. About equally Asian groups and Anglo groups.
4. Mostly Anglos‚ Blacks‚ Hispanics‚ or other non-Asian ethnicgroups.
5. Almost exclusively Anglos‚ Blacks‚ Hispanics‚ or other non-Asian ethnic groups.
9. If you could pick‚ whom would you prefer to associate with in the community?
1. Almost exclusively Asians‚ Asian Americans‚ Orientals.
2. Mostly Asians‚ Asian Americans‚ Orientals.
3. About equally Asian groups and Anglo groups.
4. Mostly Anglos‚ Blacks‚ Hispanics‚ or other non-Asian ethnic groups.
5. Almost exclusively Anglos‚ Blacks‚ Hispanics‚ or other non-Asian ethnic groups.
10. What is your music preference?
1. Only Asian music (e.g.‚ Chinese‚ Japanese‚ Korean‚ Vietnamese)
2. Mostly Asian
3. Equally Asian and English
4. Mostly English
5. English only
11. What is your movie preference?
1. Asian-language movies only
2. Asian-language movies mostly
3. Equally Asian and English English-language movies
4. Mostly English-language movies only
5. English-language movies only
12. What generation are you? (circle the generation that best applies to you:)
1. First generation =I was born in Asia or country other than the United States
2. Second generation=I was born in the United States‚ either parent was born in Asia or country other than the United States
3. Third generation = I was born in the United States‚ both parents were born in the United States‚ and all grandparents born in Asia or country other than the United States
4. Fourth generation=I was born in the United States‚ both parents were born in the United States‚ and at least one grandparent born in Asia or country other than the United States and one grandparent born in the United States
5. Fifth generation = I was born in the United States‚ both parents were born in the United States‚ and all grandparents also born in the United States
6. Don’t know what generation best fits since I lack some information.
13. Where were you raised?
1. In Asia only
2. Mostly in Asia‚ some in the United States
3. Equally in Asia and the United States
4. Mostly in the United States‚ some in Asia
5. In the United States only
14. What contact have you had with Asia?
1. Raised 1 year or more in Asia
2. Lived for less than 1 year in Asia
3. Occasional visits to Asia
4. Occasional communications (letters‚ phone calls‚ etc.) with people in Asia
5. No exposure or communications with people in Asia
15. What is your food preference at home?
1. Exclusively Asian food
2. Mostly Asian food‚ some American
3. About equally Asian and American
4. Mostly American food
5. Exclusively American food
16. What is your food preference in restaurants?
1. Exclusively Asian food
2. Mostly Asian food‚ some American
3. About equally Asian and American
4. Mostly American food
5. Exclusively American food
17. Do you
1. read only an Asian language;
2. read an Asian language better than English;
3. read both Asian and English equally well;
4. read English better than an Asian language; and
5. read only English.
18. Do you
1. write only an Asian language;
2. write an Asian language better than English;
3. write both Asian and English equally well;
4. write English better than an Asian language; and
5. write only English.
19. If you consider yourself a member of the Asian group (Oriental‚ Asian‚ Asian American‚ Chinese American‚ etc.‚ whatever term you prefer)‚ how much pride do you have in this group?
1. Extremely proud
2. Moderately proud
3. Little proud
4. No pride but do not feel negative toward group
5. No pride but do feel negative toward group
20. How would you rate yourself?
1. Very Asian
2. Mostly Asian
3. Bicultural
4. Mostly Westernized
5. Very Westernized
21. Do you participate in Asian occasions‚ holidays‚ traditions‚ etc.?
1. Nearly all
2. Most of them
3. Some of them
4. A few of them
5. None at all
22. Rate yourself on how much you believe in Asian values (e.g.‚ about marriage‚ families‚ education‚ work):

1
2
3
4
5
do not believe
strongly believe in Asian values

23. Rate yourself on how much you believe in American (Western) values:

1
2
3
4
5
do not believe
strongly believe in Asian values

24. Rate yourself on how well you fit when with other Asians of the same ethnicity:

1
2
3
4
5
do not fit
fit very well

25. Rate yourself on how well you fit when with other Americans who are non-Asian (Westerners):

1
2
3
4
5
do not fit
fit very well

26. There are many different ways in which people think of themselves.Which ONE of the following most closely describes how you view yourself?
1. I consider myself basically an Asian person (e.g.‚ Chinese‚ Japanese‚ Korean‚ Vietnamese). Even though I live and work in America‚ I still view myself basically as an Asian person.
2. I consider myself basically as an American. Even though I have an Asian background and ch‎aracteristics‚ I still view myself basically as an American.
3. I consider myself as an Asian American‚ although deep down I always know I am an Asian.
4. I consider myself as an Asian American‚ although deep down I view myself as an American first.
5. I consider myself as an Asian American. I have both Asian and American ch‎aracteristics‚ and I view myself as a blend of both.
N.-H. Trinh et al. (eds.)‚ Handbook of Mental Health and Acculturation in Asian American Families‚ Current Clinical Psychiatry‚ DOI 10.1007/978-1-60327-437-1_12‚ _ Humana Press‚ a part of Springer Science‏Business Media‚ LLC 2009

توسط: کارشناس ندای مهر
15 مهر 1391

Acculturation‚ Habits‚ and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents Scale  AHIMSA
Many people in the United States have ancestors who came from another country. Families come to the United States at different times. Maybe you and your parents moved to the United States. Maybe your parents came to the United States when they were kids. Maybe your grandparents’ grandparents were the ones who came to the United States.
Write the name(s) of the country (or countries) that your family came from:
When you think about this country….

1. I am most comfortable being  with people from
The United
States
The country my
family is from
Both
Other/Neither
2. My best friends are from
The United
States
The country my
family is from
Both
Other/Neither
3. The people I fit in with best are from
The United
States
The country my
family is from
Both
Other/Neither
4. My favorite music is from
The United
States
The country my
family is from
Both
Other/Neither
5. My favorite TV shows are from
The United
States
The country my
family is from
Both
Other/Neither
6. The holidays I celebrate are from
The United
States
The country my
family is from
Both
Other/Neither
7. The food I eat at home is from
The United
States
The country my
family is from
Both
Other/Neither
8. The way I do things and the way I think about things are from
The United
States
The country my
family is from
Both
Other/Neither

Source: Unger‚ J.B.‚ Gallaher‚ P.‚ Shakib‚ S.‚ Ritt-Olson‚ A.‚ Palmer‚ P.H.‚ & Johnson‚ C.A.
(2002). The AHIMSA acculturation scale: A new measure of acculturation for adolescents in a multicultural society. J Early Adolescence‚ 22(3). Table 1‚ p. 239‚ copyright 2002. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc.

 

توسط: کارشناس ندای مهر
15 مهر 1391

Marin Acculturation Scale – Revised
Please respond as you find best that describes your preferences. There is no right or wrong answers.
1=Only Chinese
2=More Chinese than English
3=Both Equally
4=More English than Chinese
5=Only English.
Language preference
1. In what language do you think?
2. In general‚ what language(s) do you read and speak?
3. What was the language(s) you used as a child?
4. If you could choose your children’s friends‚ you want them to be – Chinese or American
5. What language(s) do you usually speak at home?
6. What language(s) do you usually speak with your friends?
Language preferred for media
7. In what language(s) are the TV programs you usually watch?
8. In what language(s) are the radio programs you usually listen to?
9. In general‚ in what languages are the movies you prefer to watch and listen to?
Ethnic social relations
10. Your close friends are – Chinese or American
11. Your prefer going to social gatherings/parties at which people are – Chinese or American
12. The persons you visit or who visit you are – Chinese or American
Source: Gupta‚ R. & Yick‚ A. (2001). Preliminary validation of the acculturation scale on Chinese Americans. J Soc Work Res Eval. 1 (2)‚ Table 3‚ p. 51. Reproduced with the permission of Springer Publishing Company‚ LLC‚ New York‚ NY.
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15 مهر 1391

Adult Scale Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale
Fred Beauvais‚ Ph.D. E.R. Oetting‚ Ph.D.
The following questions ask how close you are to different cultures. When answering the questions about ‘‘family‚’’ think about the family that is most important to you now. How would you define that family? You can include your current family‚ your family of origin‚ or both. Answer the questions keeping that definition in mind. You may identify with more than one culture‚ so please mark all responses that apply to you.
1. Some families have special activities or traditions that take place every year at particular times (such as holiday parties‚ special meals‚ religious activities‚ trips‚ or visits). How many of these special activities or traditions does your family have that are based on . . .
A lot
Some
A few
None at all
White American or Anglo culture
Asian or Asian American culture
Mexican American or Spanish culture
Black or African American culture
American Indian culture
Other culture

2. In the future‚ with your own family‚ will you do special things together or have special traditions‚ which are based on. . .
A lot
Some
A few
None at all
Mexican American or Spanish culture
Asian or Asian American culture
White American or Anglo culture
Black or African American culture
American Indian culture
Other culture

3. Does your family live by or follow the. . .
A lot
Some
A few
None at all
American Indian culture
White American or Anglo culture
Mexican American or Spanish culture
Black or African American culture
Asian or Asian American culture
Other culture

4. Do you live by or follow the. . .
A lot
Some
A few
None at all
An Asian or Asian American culture
White American or Anglo culture
Mexican American or Spanish culture
Black or African American culture
American Indian culture
Other culture

5. Is your family a success in the. . .
A lot
Some
A few
None at all
Black or African American culture
Mexican American or Spanish culture
American Indian culture
White American or Anglo culture
Asian or Asian American culture
Other culture

6. Are you a success in the. . .
A lot
Some
A few
None at all
American Indian culture
Asian or Asian American culture
Mexican American or Spanish culture
Black or African American culture
White American or Anglo culture
Other culture

Adapted from Oetting‚ E.R. & Beauvais‚ F. (1990–1991). Orthogonal cultural identification theory: The cultural identification of minority adolescents. Int J Addict‚ 25‚ (5A and 6A)‚ 655–685. This scale may be used‚ for research purpose only‚ without further permission from the authors.

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The European American Values Scale for Asian Americans (EAVS-AA)
Maren M. Wolfe‚ Peggy H. Yang‚ Eunice P. Wong and Donald R. Atkinson
Instructions: se‎lect the number from the response scale below that best indicates your level of agreement with each item. Write this number in the space before each item.
Response scale

Strongly disagree
Mildly disagree
Mildly
agree
Strongly
agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Moderately
disagree
Neither agree
nor disagree
Moderately
disagree

——1. I think it is fine for an unmarried woman to have a child.
——2. Abortion should be legal if the mother’s health is in danger.
——3. Sometimes‚ it is necessary for the government to stifle individual development.
——4. You can do anything you put your mind to.
——5. A woman who is living alone should be able to have children.
——6. I am confident in my ability to handle most situations.
——7. It is important to me to serve as a model for others.
——8. The idea that one spouse does all the housework is outdated.
——9. Single women should not have children and raise them alone.
——10. I am rarely unsure about how I should behave.
——11. I prefer not to take on responsibility unless I must.
——12. I do not like to serve as a model for others.
——13. Good relationships are built on mutual respect.
——14. If a pregnant woman wanted an abortion because her health was at risk‚ I could not support the abortion.
——15. ha‎ving the chance to achieve is not important to me in a job.
——16. I would like to have a job where I could serve as a model for others.
——17. Abortion is okay when the mother’s health is at risk.
——18. Children should learn to be tolerant of others.
Source: Wolfe‚ M.‚ Yang‚ P.‚ Wong‚ E. & Atkinson‚ D. (2001). Design and
development of the European American values scale for Asian Americans. Cultur Diver Ethnic Minor Psychol‚ 7. Table 1‚ p. 279. Copyright # 2001 by the American Psychological Association. Adapted with permission.

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15 مهر 1391

Asian Values Scale (AVS)
Bryan S. K. Kim‚ Donald R. Atkinson‚ and Peggy Yang
Instructions: Use the scale below to indicate the extent to which you agree with the value expressed in each statement.
1 = Strongly disagree
2 = Moderately disagree
3 = Mildly disagree
4 = Neither Agree nor disagree
5 = Mildly agree
6 = Moderately agree
7 = Strongly agree
——1. Educational failure does not bring shame to the family.
——2. One should not deviate from familial and social norms.
——3. Children should not place their parents in retirement homes.
——4. One need not focus all energies on one’s studies.
——5. One should be discouraged from talking about one’s accomplishments.
——6. One should not be boastful.
——7. Younger persons should be able to confront their elders.
——8. When one receives a gift‚ one should reciprocate with a gift of equal or greater value.
——9. One need not follow one’s family’s and the society’s norms.
——10. One need not achieve academically in order to make one’s parents proud.
——11. One need not minimize or depreciate one’s own achievements.
——12. One should consider the needs of others before considering one’s own needs.
——13. Educational and career achievements need not be one’s top priority.
——14. One should think about one’s group before oneself.
——15. One should be able to question a person in an authority position.
——16. Modesty is an important quality for a person.
——17. One’s achievements should be viewed as family’s achievements.
——18. Elders may not have more wisdom than younger persons.
——19. One should avoid bringing displeasure to one’s ancestors.
——20. One need not conform to one’s family’s and the society’s expectations.
——21. One should have sufficient inner resources to resolve emotional problems.
——22. Parental love should be implicitly understood and not openly expressed.
——23. The worst thing one can do is to bring disgrace to one’s family reputation.
——24. One need not remain reserved and tranquil.
——25. The ability to control one’s emotions is a sign of strength.
——26. One should be humble and modest.
——27. Family’s reputation is not the primary social concern.
——28. One need not be able to resolve psychological problems on one’s own.
——29. Following familial and social expectations are important.
——30. One should not inconvenience others.
——31. Occupational failure does not bring shame to the family.
——32. One need not follow the role expectations (gender‚ family hierarchy) of one’s family.
——33. One should not make waves.
——34. Children need not take care of their parents when the parents become unable to take care of themselves.
——35. One need not control one’s expression of emotions.
——36. One’s family need not be the main source of trust and dependence.
Note. Permission to use the Asian Values Scale must be obtained from Bryan
S. K. Kim.
Source: Kim‚ B.‚ Atkinson‚ D. & Yang‚ P. (1999). The Asian Values Scale: Development‚ factor analysis‚ validation‚ and reliability. J Counsel Psychol‚ 46‚ Table 1‚ pp. 345‚ 346. Copyright # 1999 by the American Psychological Association. Adapted with permission.

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Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AAMAS)

Instructions: Use the scale below to answer the following questions. Please circle the number that best represents your view on each item.
Not very well
Somewhat
Very well
1. How well do speak the language of –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. English?
1
2
3
4
5
6
2. How well do you understand the language
of –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. English?
1
2
3
4
5
6
3. How well do you read and write in the
language of –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. English?
1
2
3
4
5
6
4. How often do you listen to music or look at
movies and magazines from
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
5. How much do you like the food of –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
6. How often do you eat the food of –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7. How knowledgeable are you about the
history of –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
8. How knowledgeable are you about the
culture and traditions of –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
9. How much do you practice the traditions
and keep the holidays of –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian American cultures?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream culture?
1
2
3
4
5
6
10. How much do you identify with –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
11. How much do you feel you have in common
with people from –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
12. How much do you interact and associate with
people from –
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
13. How much would you like to interact and
associate with people from –
1
2
3
4
5
6
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
14. How proud are you to be part of –
1
2
3
4
5
6
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6
15. How negative do you feel about people
from –
1
2
3
4
5
6
a. your own Asian culture of origin?
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. other Asian groups in America?
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. the White mainstream groups?
1
2
3
4
5
6

Source: Chung‚ R.‚ Kim‚ B.‚ & Abreu‚ J. (2004). Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale: Development‚ factor analysis‚ reliability and validity. Cultur Diver Ethnic
Minor Psychol‚ 10‚ Table 2‚ pp. 73‚ 74. Copyright # 2004 by the American Psychological
Association. Adapted with permission.

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