اخبار روانشناسی ندای مهر

Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory OCI
Please read each statement and se‎lect a number 0 ‚ 1‚ 2‚ 3 or 4 that best describes how much that experience has distressed or bothered you during the past month. There are no right or wrong answer. Do not spend too much time on any one statement. This assessment is not intended to be a diagnosis. If you are concerned about your results in any way ‚ please speak with a health professional.
0= not at all     1= A little     2 = Moderately   3 = A lot    4 = Extremely
1. Unpleasant thought come into my mind against my will and I cannot get ride of them
1
2
3
4
2. I think contact with bodily secretion ( sweat‚ saliva‚ blood‚ urine‚ etc.) may contaminate my clothes or somehow harm me
1
2
3
4
3. I ask people to repeat things to me several times‚ even thought I understood them the first time
1
2
3
4
4. I wash and clean obsessively
1
2
3
4
5. I have to review mentally past events‚ conversation and actions to make sure that I didn't do something wrong
1
2
3
4
6. I have saved up so many things that they get in the way
1
2
3
4
7. I check things more often than necessary
1
2
3
4
8. I avoid using public toilets because I am afraid of disease or contamination
1
2
3
4
9. I repeatedly check doors‚ windows‚ drawers etc.
10. I repeatedly check gas / water taps / light switches after turning them of
11. I collect things I don't need
12. I have thoughts of ha‎ving hurt someone without knowing it
13. I have thoughts that I might want to harm myself or others
14. I get upset if objects are not arranged properly
15. H feel obliged to follow a particular order in dressing‚ undressing and washing my self
16. I feel compelled to count while I'm doing things
17. I am afraid to impulsively doing embarrassing or harmful things
18. I need to pray to cancel bad thoughts or feelings
19. H keep on checking forms or other things I have written
20. I get upset at the sight of knives‚ scissors or other sharp objects in case I loos control with them
21. I am obsessively concerned about cleanliness
22. I find it difficult to touch an object when I know it has been touched by strangers or certain people
23. I need things to be arranged in a particular order
24. I get behind in my work because I repeat things over and over again
25. I feel I have to repeat certain numbers
26. After doing something carefully‚ I still have the impression I haven't finished it
27. I find it difficult to touch rubbish dirty things
28. I find it difficult to control my thoughts
29. I have to do things over and over again until it feels right
30. I am upset by unpleasant thought that come into my mind against my will
31. Before going to sleep I have to do certain things in a certain way
32. I go back to places to make sure that I have harmed anyone
33. H frequently get nasty thought and have difficulty getting rid of them
34. I avoid throwing away because I am afraid I might need them later
35. I get upset if others have changed the way I have arranged my things
36. H feel that I must repeat certain words or phrases in my mind order to wipe out bad thoughts‚ feelings or actions
37. After I gave done things‚ I have persistent doubts about whether I really did them
38. I sometimes have to wash or clean myself simply because I feel contaminated
39. I feel that there are good and bad numbers
40. I repeatedly check anything that might cause a fire
41. Even when I do something very carefully I feel that it is not quite right
42. I wash my hands more often‚ or longer than necessary
Foa‚E.B‚ M.J.Kozak‚et al (1998). " The validation a new obsessive-compulsive disorder scale: the obsessive-compulsive inventory ." Psychological Assessment 10(3): 206-214
توسط: کارشناس ندای مهر
15 مهر 1391

Measuring the Emotional
Impact of an Event
By Steve B. Reed‚ LPC‚ LMSW‚ LMFT © 2007

What is the Impact of Event Scale?
The Impact of Event Scale (IES) is a short set of 15 questions that can measure the amount of distress that you associate with a specific event.  Developed in 1979 by Mardi Horowitz‚ Nancy Wilner‚ and William Alvarez‚ it continues to find use in research and with mental health professionals worldwide.
The test is often useful in measuring the impact that you experience following a traumatic event.  Studies show the IES valuable in spotting both trauma and less intense forms of stress. It will show how much an impact event is currently bothering you.  The IES is even capable of detecting the affect of the most severe impact events‚ those that can leave you suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
In 1997‚ Daniel S. Weiss and ch‎arles R. Marmar chose to revise the scale by adding seven additional questions to measure another dimension of people's reaction to intense stress events.  Both versions have been found to be valid and reliable.1‚ 2
I frequently utilize this tool to measure distress before providing treatment with the REMAP process and then again‚ a week or two after treatment to help measure how much REMAP has helped.
Here are the questions and instructions for the original Impact of Event Scale.
List Today's Date_________
List the Date of the Event_________
Describe the Event______________________________________________
Below is a list of comments made by people after stressful life events.  Please mark each item‚ indicating how frequently these comments were true for you during the past seven days. If they did not occur during that time‚ please mark the "not at all" column.
se‎lect only one answer per row.
Not at all
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
1.
I thought about it when I didn't mean to.
0
1
3
5
2.
I avoided letting myself get upset when I though  about it or was reminded about it.
0
1
3
5
3.
I tried to remove it from memory.
0
1
3
5
4.
I had trouble falling asleep or staying asleep because of pictures or thoughts about it that came to my mind.
0
1
3
5
5.
I had waves of strong feelings about it.
0
1
3
5
6.
I had dreams about it.
0
1
3
5
7.
I stayed away from reminders about it.
0
1
3
5
8.
I felt as if it hadn't happened or was un real.
0
1
3
5
9.
I tried not to talk about it.
0
1
3
5
10.
Pictures about it popped into my mind.
0
1
3
5
11.
Other things kept making me think about it.
0
1
3
5
12.
I was aware that I still had a lot of feelings about it‚ but I didn't deal with them.
0
1
3
5
13.
I tried not to think about it.
0
1
3
5
14.
Any reminder brought back feelings about it.
0
1
3
5
15.
My feelings about it were kind of numb.
0
1
3
5
__0__
+ ____
+ _________
+ ___
= ___

Scoring: Total each column and add together for a total stress score.
For example‚ every item marked in the "not at all" column is valued at 0.  In the "rarely" column‚ each item is valued at a 1.  In the "sometimes" column every item marked has a value of 3 and in the "often" column each item is valued at 5.  Add the totals from each of the columns to get the total stress score.
The next section will help you to understand the significance of your score.
What Does My Score on the Impact of Event Scale Mean?
The Impact of Event Scale1 (Horowitz‚ 1979) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised2 (Weiss‚ 1997) are useful in measuring how a stressful event may affect you.  For example on the original 15-item Impact of Event Scale (IES)‚ the scores can range from 0 to 75.  You can interpret the IES scores in the following way:3
Original Impact of Event Scale (15 questions):
0 –   8        No Meaningful Impact
9 – 25        Impact Event—you may be affected.
26 – 43        Powerful Impact Event—you are certainly affected.
44 – 75        Severe Impact Event—this is capable of altering your ability to function.
Scores above 26 are very important.  Here are some examples of what is associated with scores this high.
Score (IES)      Consequence

27
or more
There is a 75% chance that you have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD).4 Those who do not have full PTSD may have partial PTSD or at least some of the symptoms.
35
and above
This represents the best cutoff for a probable diagnosis of PTSD.5 Consider consulting a mental health professional who is skilled in treating such issues.

the following associations.
References:
  1. Horowitz‚ M. Wilner‚ N. & Alvarez‚ W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine‚ 41‚ 209-218.
  2. Weiss‚ D.S.‚ & Marmar‚ C.R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J.P. Wilson & T.M. Keane (Eds.)‚ Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD (pp.399-411). New York: Guilford.
  3. Hutchins‚ E. & Devilly‚ G.J. (2005). Impact of Events Scale. Victim's Web Site. http://www.swin.edu.au/victims/resources/assessment/ptsd/ies.html
  4. Coffey‚ S.F. & Berglind‚ G. (2006). Screening for PTSD in motor vehicle accident survivors using PSS-SR and IES. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 19 (1): 119-128.
  5. Neal‚ L.A.‚ Walter‚ B.‚ Rollins‚ J.‚ et al. (1994). Convergent Validity of Measures of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Mixed Military and Civilian Population. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 7 (3): 447-455.
  6. Asukai‚ N. Kato‚ H. et al. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the Impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J). Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 190 (3): 175-182.
  7. Creamer‚ M. Bell‚ R. & Falilla‚ S. (2002). Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 41: 1489-1496.
  8. Kawamura‚ N. Yoshiharu‚ K. & Nozomu‚ A. (2001) Suppression of Cellular Immunity in Men with a Past History of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 158: 484-486
http://www.psychotherapy-center.com/Measuring_the_Impact_of_an_Event.html

توسط: کارشناس ندای مهر
15 مهر 1391

Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory OCI
Please read each statement and se‎lect a number 0 ‚ 1‚ 2‚ 3 or 4 that best describes how much that experience has distressed or bothered you during the past month. There are no right or wrong answer. Do not spend too much time on any one statement. This assessment is not intended to be a diagnosis. If you are concerned about your results in any way ‚ please speak with a health professional.
0= not at all     1= A little     2 = Moderately   3 = A lot    4 = Extremely

 

1. Unpleasant thought come into my mind against my will and I cannot get ride of them
1
2
3
4
2. I think contact with bodily secretion ( sweat‚ saliva‚ blood‚ urine‚ etc.) may contaminate my clothes or somehow harm me
1
2
3
4
3. I ask people to repeat things to me several times‚ even thought I understood them the first time
1
2
3
4
4. I wash and clean obsessively
1
2
3
4
5. I have to review mentally past events‚ conversation and actions to make sure that I didn't do something wrong
1
2
3
4
6. I have saved up so many things that they get in the way
1
2
3
4
7. I check things more often than necessary
1
2
3
4
8. I avoid using public toilets because I am afraid of disease or contamination
1
2
3
4
9. I repeatedly check doors‚ windows‚ drawers etc.
10. I repeatedly check gas / water taps / light switches after turning them of
11. I collect things I don't need
12. I have thoughts of ha‎ving hurt someone without knowing it
13. I have thoughts that I might want to harm myself or others
14. I get upset if objects are not arranged properly
15. H feel obliged to follow a particular order in dressing‚ undressing and washing my self
16. I feel compelled to count while I'm doing things
17. I am afraid to impulsively doing embarrassing or harmful things
18. I need to pray to cancel bad thoughts or feelings
19. H keep on checking forms or other things I have written
20. I get upset at the sight of knives‚ scissors or other sharp objects in case I loos control with them
21. I am obsessively concerned about cleanliness
22. I find it difficult to touch an object when I know it has been touched by strangers or certain people
23. I need things to be arranged in a particular order
24. I get behind in my work because I repeat things over and over again
25. I feel I have to repeat certain numbers
26. After doing something carefully‚ I still have the impression I haven't finished it
27. I find it difficult to touch rubbish dirty things
28. I find it difficult to control my thoughts
29. I have to do things over and over again until it feels right
30. I am upset by unpleasant thought that come into my mind against my will
31. Before going to sleep I have to do certain things in a certain way
32. I go back to places to make sure that I have harmed anyone
33. H frequently get nasty thought and have difficulty getting rid of them
34. I avoid throwing away because I am afraid I might need them later
35. I get upset if others have changed the way I have arranged my things
36. H feel that I must repeat certain words or phrases in my mind order to wipe out bad thoughts‚ feelings or actions
37. After I gave done things‚ I have persistent doubts about whether I really did them
38. I sometimes have to wash or clean myself simply because I feel contaminated
39. I feel that there are good and bad numbers
40. I repeatedly check anything that might cause a fire
41. Even when I do something very carefully I feel that it is not quite right
42. I wash my hands more often‚ or longer than necessary

Foa‚E.B‚ M.J.Kozak‚et al (1998). " The validation a new obsessive-compulsive disorder scale: the obsessive-compulsive inventory ." Psychological Assessment 10(3): 206-214

 

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15 مهر 1391

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory‚ (Form Y/ STAI-Y)
Spielberger (1983) developed the STAI-Y as a revision to his previous instruments that were inadequate in differentiating diagnoses of depression versus anxiety. The resultant scale has been used extensively in experimental and clinical research as the premier measure of state and trait anxiety among adults. The STAI-Y is comprised of two separate 20-item self-report scales that measure both state (S-Anxiety) and trait (T-Anxiety) anxiety‚ which are printed on the front and back sides of the STAI questionnaire. The S-Anxiety scale is referred to as Form Y-1 and the T-Anxiety is referred to as From Y-2. This dissertation only measured trait anxiety using the second form‚ or sub-scale.
INSTRUCTIONS: A number of statements which people have used to describe themselves
are given below. Read each statement and then write the number in the blank at the end of the statement that indicates how you feel right now‚ that is‚ at this moment. There are no right or wrong answers. Do not spend too much time on any one statement but give the answer which seems to describe your present feelings best.
1 = not at all
2 = somewhat
3 = moderately so
4 = very much so
1. I feel calm ____
2. I feel secure ____
3. I am tense ____
4. I feel strained ____
5. I feel at ease ____
6. I feel upset ____
7. I am presently worrying over possible misfortunes _____
8. I feel satisfied ____
9. I feel frightened ____
10. I feel comfortable ____
11. I feel self-confident ____
12. I feel nervous ____
13. I am jittery ____
14. I feel indecisive ____
15. I am relaxed ____
16. I feel content ____
17. I am worried ____
18. I feel confused ____
19. I feel steady ____
20. I feel pleasant _____
INSTRUCTIONS: A number of statements which people have used to describe themselves are given below. Read each statement and then write the number in the blank at the end of the statement that indicates how you generally feel. There are no right or wrong answers.
Do not spend too much time on any one statement but give the answer which seems to describe how you generally feel.
1 = not at all
2 = somewhat
3 = moderately so
4 = very much so
21. I feel pleasant ____
22. I feel nervous and restless ____
23. I feel satisfied with myself ____
24. I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be ____
25. I feel like a failure ____
26. I feel rested ____
27. I am “calm‚ cool‚ and collected” ____
28. I feel that difficulties are piling up so that I cannot overcome them ____
29. I worry too much over something that really doesn’t matter ____
30. I am happy ____
31. I have disturbing thoughts ____
32. I lack self-confidence ____
33. I feel secure ____
34. I make decisions easily ____
35. I feel inadequate _____
36. I am content ____
37. Some unimportant thought runs through my mind and bothers me ____
38. I take disappointments so keenly that I can’t put them out of my mind ____
39. I am a steady person ____
40. I get in a state of tension or turmoil as I think over my recent concerns and interests ____
DIFFERENCES IN PERCEIVED STRESS‚ AFFECT‚ ANXIETY‚ AND COPING
ABILITY AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION COURSES
by
Rachel Permuth-Levine‚ MSPH‚ CHES
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the
University of Maryland‚ College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2007
توسط: کارشناس ندای مهر
15 مهر 1391
IMPACT OF EVENT SCALE - REVISED
INSTRUCTIONS: Below is a list of difficulties people sometimes have after stressful life events.
Please read each item‚ and then indicate how distressing each difficulty has been for you DURING THE
PAST SEVEN DAYS with respect to ____________________________‚ how much were you distressed or bothered by these difficulties?
Not at All = 0
A little Bit = 1
Moderately = 2
Quite a Bit = 3
Extremely= 4
1. Any reminder brought back feelings about it. 0 1 2 3 4
2. I had trouble staying asleep. 0 1 2 3 4
3. Other things kept making me think about it. 0 1 2 3 4
4. I felt irritable and angry. 0 1 2 3 4
5. I avoided letting myself get upset when I thought about it or was reminded of it. 0 1 2 3 4
6. I thought about it when I didn't mean to. 0 1 2 3 4
7. I felt as if it hadn't happened or wasn't real. 0 1 2 3 4
8. I stayed away from reminders about it. 0 1 2 3 4
9. Pictures about it popped into my mind. 0 1 2 3 4
10. I was jumpy and easily startled. 0 1 2 3 4
11. I tried not to think about it. 0 1 2 3 4
12. I was aware that I still had a lot of feelings about it‚ but I didn't deal with them. 0 1 2 3 4
13. My feelings about it were kind of numb. 0 1 2 3 4
14. I found myself acting or feeling like I was back at that time. 0 1 2 3 4
15. I had trouble falling asleep. 0 1 2 3 4
16. I had waves of strong feelings about it. 0 1 2 3 4
17. I tried to remove it from my memory. 0 1 2 3 4
18. I had trouble concentrating. 0 1 2 3 4
19. Reminders of it caused me to have physical reactions‚ such as sweating‚ trouble breathing‚ nausea‚ or a pounding heart. 0 1 2 3 4
20. I had dreams about it. 0 1 2 3 4
21. I felt watchful and on guard. 0 1 2 3 4
22. I tried not to talk about it. 0 1 2 3 4
SCORING:
Avoidance Subscale: Mean of items 5‚ 7 ‚8 ‚11 ‚12 ‚13 ‚17 ‚22
Intrusions Subscale: Mean of items 1‚ 2‚ 3‚ 6‚ 9‚ 16‚ 20
Hyperarousal Subscale: Mean of items 4‚ 10‚ 14‚ 15‚ 18‚ 19‚ 21
Impact of Events - Revised score: Sum of the above three clinical scales.
Note that the Hyperarousal scale is made up of 7 new items (No's 4‚10‚14‚15‚18‚19‚21) added to the original Impact of Events Scale (IES). For valid comparisons with scores from the IES‚ use just the sum of the Avoidance and Intrusion items.
In J.P. Wilson & T.M. Keane (Eds.)‚ Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A Practitioner's Handbook. New
York: Guilford © 1995: Daniel S. Weiss & ch‎arles R. Marmar
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15 مهر 1391

Anger assessment with the STAXI-CA: psychometric properties of a new instrument for children and adolescents
Victoria del Barrio a‚‚ Anton Aluja b‚ ch‎arles Spielberger c
a Department of Personality‚ Faculty of Psychology‚ National University of Distance Education‚ Madrid‚ Spain
b Department of Psychology‚ Universitat de Lleida‚ Catalunya‚ Spain
c Department of Psychology‚ South Florida University‚ Tampa‚ USA
1. I am furious.
2. I feel irritated.
3. I feel angry.
4. I feel like yelling at somebody.
5. I feel like breaking things.
6. I feel like ha‎ving a fit.
7. I feel like hitting someone.
8. I feel like swearing.
9. I feel annoyed.
10. I feel like kicking someone.
11. I want to smash something
12. I feel like screaming.
13. I am quick tempered.
14. I have a bad temper.
15. I get angry very quickly.
16. I get angry when I have to wait because of other's mistakes.
17. I feel annoyed when I am not given recognition for job well done.
18. I fly off the handle.
19. When I get bad‚ I say nasty things.
20. I get angry when I'm told I'm wrong in front of the others.
21. I feel infuriated when I do a good job and get a poor evaluation.
22. I express my anger.
23. I hide my anger.
24. I feel like crying.
25. I withdraw from other people
26. I do things like slamming doors.
27. I argue with others
28. I am angry‚ but I don't show it.
29. I attack whatever it is that annoys me
30. I can stop myself from loosing.
31. I can stop myself from loosing.
32. I get calm faster than others.
33. I try to be tolerant.
34. If someone annoys me‚ I let them know
35. I hold my anger in.
36. I attack whatever makes me angry.
37. I control my anger feelings.
38. I try to calm myself.
39. I take a deep breath and relax.
40. I try to simmer down.
41. I try to get calm.
42. I reduce my anger as soon as possible.
43. I reduce my anger as soon as possible.
44. I do something to calm down.
45. I try to relax.
46. I do something that relaxes me.

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15 مهر 1391

Application of the Spielberger’s State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory in clinical patients

STAXI

Flávia Barros de Azevedo1‚ Yuan-Pang Wang 2‚3‚ Alessandra Carvalho Goulart1‚4‚5‚ Paulo Andrade Lotufo1‚4‚5‚ Isabela Martins Benseñor1‚4‚5
Isabela Martins Benseñor
Hospital Universitário
Avenida Lineu Prestes 256
05508-900 São Paulo SP- Brasil
E-mail: این آدرس ایمیل توسط spambots حفاظت می شود. برای دیدن شما نیاز به جاوا اسکریپت دارید
Dr. Lotufo and Dr. Benseñor are recipients of an Award for Research from Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq)‚ Brasília DF‚ Brazil

I am furious
1.
I feel irritated
2.
I feel angry
3.
I feel like yelling at somebody
4.
I feel like breaking thing
5.
I am mad
6.
I feel like banging on the table
7.
I feel like hitting someone
8.
I am burned up
9.
I feel like swearing
10.
I am quick tempered
11.
I have a fiery temper
12.
I am a hothead person
13.
I get angry when slowed down
14.
Annoyed when no recognition
15.
I fly off the handle
16.
When I get mad‚ I say nasty things
17.
Furious when criticized in front
18.
Frustrated‚ feel hitting someone
19.
Infuriated when poor evaluation
20.
I control my behavior
21.
I express my anger
22.
I keep things in
23.
I am patient with others
24.
I become sullen
25.
I withdraw from people
26.
I make sarcastic remarks to others
27.
I keep frit
28.
I do thing like slam doors
29.
Nothing force me to show anger
30.
I control my temper
31.
I argue with others
32.
I tend to harbor grudges
33.
I pout or sulk
34.
I can stop from losing my temper
35.
I do things like slam doors
36.
Angrier than I am willing to admit
37.
I am irritated a great deal more
38.
I say nasty things
39.
I have to be tolerant and comprehensive
40.
I argue with others
41.
I lose my temper
42.
If annoyed‚ apt to tell how I feel
43.
I control my angry feelings
44.
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15 مهر 1391

Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)
Read the symptom in the left column. Rate it on a scale of 0-4 in the right column.
0 - Not at all
1 - Mild
2 - Moderate
3 - Severe
4 - Very Severe
Feeling
Rating
1. Anxious mood Worries‚ anticipation of the worst‚ fearful anticipation‚ irritability.
2. Tension Feelings of tension‚ fatigability‚ startle response‚ moved to tears easily‚ trembling‚ feelings of restlessness‚ inability to relax.
3. Fears Of dark‚ of strangers‚ of being left alone‚ of animals‚ of traffic‚ of crowds.
4. Insomnia Difficulty in falling asleep‚ broken sleep‚ unsatisfying sleep and fatigue on waking‚ dreams‚ nightmares‚ night terrors.
5. Intellectual Difficulty in concentration‚ poor memory.
6. Depressed Mood Loss of interest‚ lack of pleasure in hobbies‚ depression‚ early waking‚ mood swings.
7. Physical/Muscular Pains and aches‚ twitching‚ stiffness‚ myoclonic jerks‚ grinding of teeth‚ unsteady voice‚ increased muscular tone.
8. Senses Tinnitus‚ blurring of vision‚ hot and cold flushes‚ feelings of weakness‚ pricking sensation.
9. Cardiovascular Tachycardia‚ palpitations‚ pain in chest‚ throbbing of vessels‚ fainting feelings‚ 'skipping' a beat.
10. Respiratory Pressure or constriction in chest‚ choking feelings‚ sighing‚ dyspnea.
11. Digestive Difficulty in swallowing‚ wind abdominal pain‚ burning sensations‚ abdominal fullness‚ nausea‚ vomiting‚ borborygmi‚ looseness of bowels‚ loss of weight‚ constipation.
12. Genitourinary Frequency of micturition‚ urgency of micturition‚ amenorrhea‚ menorrhagia‚ development of frigidity‚ premature ejaculation‚ loss of libido‚ impotence.
13. Autonomic symptoms Dry mouth‚ flushing‚ pallor‚ tendency to sweat‚ giddiness‚ tension headache‚ raising of hair.
14. Behavior at interview Fidgeting‚ restlessness or pacing‚ tremor of hands‚ furrowed brow‚ strained face‚ sighing or rapid respiration‚ facial pallor‚ swallowing‚ etc.
Total
Rating Clinician-rated
Administration time 10–15 minutes
Main purpose To assess the severity of symptoms
of anxiety
Population Adults‚ adolescents and children
Reference: Hamilton M.The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br. J. Med. Psychol 1959;32:50–55.
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15 مهر 1391

Edinburgh Depression Scale
(or Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale)
DATE COMPLETED_____________
As you have recently had a baby‚ we would like to know how you are feeling. Please CIRCLE the number next to the answer which comes closest to how you have felt IN
THE PAST 7 DAYS‚ not just how you feel today. Here is an example‚ already completed.
I have felt happy:
0 Yes‚ all the time.
1 Yes‚ most of the time.
2 No‚ not very often.
3 No‚ not at all.
In the past 7 days:
1. I have been able to laugh and see the funny side of things.
0 As much as I always could.
1 Not quite so much now.
2 Definitely not so much now.
3 Not at all.
2. I have looked forward with enjoyment to things.
0 As much as I ever did.
1 Rather less than I used to.
2 Definitely less than I used to.
3 Hardly at all.
3. I have blamed myself unnecessarily when things went wrong.
3 Yes‚ most of the time.
2 Yes‚ some of the time.
1 Not very often.
0 No‚ never.
4. I have been anxious or worried for no good reason.
0 No not at all.
1 Hardly ever.
2 Yes‚ sometimes.
3 Yes‚ very often.
In the past 7 days:
5. I have felt scared or panicky for no very good reason.
3 Yes‚ quite a lot.
2 Yes‚ sometimes.
1 No‚ Not much.
0 No‚ not at all.
6. Things have been getting on top of me.
3 Yes‚ most of the time I haven't been able to cope at all.
2 Yes‚ sometimes I haven't been coping as well as usual.
1 No‚ most of the time I have coped quite well.
0 No‚ I have been coping as well as ever.
7. I have been so unhappy that I have had difficulty sleeping.
3 Yes‚ most of the time.
2 Yes‚ sometimes.
1 Not very often.
0 No‚ not at all.
8. I have felt sad or miserable.
3 Yes‚ most of the time.
2 Yes‚ quite often.
1 Not very often.
0 No‚ not at all.
9. I have been so unhappy that I have been crying.
3 Yes‚ most of the time.
2 Yes‚ quite often.
1 Only occasionally.
0 No‚ never.
10. The thought of harming myself has occurred to me.
3 Yes‚ quite often.
2 Sometimes.
1 Hardly ever.
0 Never.
Scoring and Other Information
Response categories are scored 0‚ 1‚ 2‚ and 3 according to increased severity of the symptom. Items 3‚ 5-10 are reverse scored (i.e.‚ 3‚ 2‚ 1‚ and 0). The total score is calculated by adding together the scores for each of the ten items. Users may reproduce the scale without further permission providing they respect copyright (which remains with the British Journal of Psychiatry) quoting the names of the authors‚ the title and the source of the paper in all reproduced copies.
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) has been developed to assist primary care health professionals to detect mothers suffering from postnatal depression; a distressing disorder more prolonged than the "blues" (which occur in the first week after delivery) but less severe than puerperal psychosis.
Previous studies have shown that postnatal depression affects at least 10% of women and that many depressed mothers remain untreated. These mothers may cope with their baby and with household tasks‚ but their enjoyment of life is seriously affected and it is possible that there are long term effects on the family.
The EPDS was developed at health centres in Livingston and Edinburgh. It consists of ten short statements. The mother underlines which of the four possible responses is closest to how she has been feeling during the past week. Most mothers complete the scale without difficulty in less than 5 minutes.
The validation study showed that mothers who scored above a threshold 12/13 were likely to be suffering from a depressive illness of varying severity. Nevertheless the EPDS score should not override clinical judgement. A careful clinical assessment should be carried out to confirm the diagnosis. The scale indicates how the mother has felt during the previous week‚ and in doubtful cases it may be usefully repeated after 2 weeks. The scale will not detect mothers with anxiety neuroses‚ phobias or personality disorders.
Instructions for users
1. The mother is asked to underline the response which comes closest to how she has been feeling in the previous 7 days.
2. All ten items must be completed.
3. Care should be taken to avoid the possibility of the mother discussing her answers with others.
4. The mother should complete the scale herself‚ unless she has limited English or has difficulty with reading.
5. The EPDS may be used at 6-8 weeks to screen postnatal women. The child health clinic‚ postnatal check-up or a home visit may provide suitable opportunities for its completion.
Cox‚ J. L.‚ Holden‚ J. M.‚ & Sagovsky‚ R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry‚ 150‚ 782-786. -3-
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